Biology Exam #2 Hints
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Hints For Biology 101 Exam #2

Survey Of The Chemicals Of Life

For answers to many of the exam questions, refer to the Reading List for Exam #2.
Also try the Wayne's Word Index and Wayne's Word Search.  Answers to most of
the questions can be found in Chemical Compounds Part I (Carbohydrates, Lipids,
Proteins, Nucleic Acids and Terpenes) and Chemical Compounds Part II (Phenolic
Compounds, Glycosides and Alkaloids). Use Edit-Find or Cntrol-F to locate specific
chemical compounds and links under Chemical Compounds Part I and Part II. Also
Cell Properities & Illustrations, Molecular Models and Photosynthesis/Respiration.

Click On The Following Categories Of Biochemical Compounds.  Then
Navigate Through The Tables & Pull-Down Menus On Linked Pages:

I.  Carbohydrates
II.  Lipids
III.  Proteins
IV.  Nucleic Acids 		V.  Terpenes
VI.  Phenolic Compounds
VII.  Glycosides
VIII.  Alkaloids
Click On One Of The Above Chemical Categories:
Press CTRL-F Keys To Find Specific Compounds

Part I, Matching: Questions 1 - 28.

Compounds I through IV in the above table comprise the four major compounds
of a living system. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen are the four major
elements of a living system. The four major compounds of all plants and animals
are composed primarily of the atoms from these four elements.

See The Major Elements Of Living Systems
See Periodic Table Of Elements In JavaScript

  1. Information about the chemistry of life: Chemistry Of Life (Part I)

  2. Information about the chemistry of life: Chemistry Of Life (Part II)

  3. Information about DNA and RNA: DNA Structure & Function

  4. Structure of DNA, m-RNA & t-RNA: DNA Plastic Model

  5. Information about fats & atherosclerosis: Chemistry Of Plant Oils

  6. Information about natural plant oils and waxes: The Castor Bean

  7. Information about toxic plant alkaloids: Plants That Make You Loco

  8. Information about a holly drink sipped from a gourd: Yerba Mate

  9. Information about plant genetics and hybrids: See The Table Below

For Information About Plant Hybrids:

  1. Apples: Polyploid Varieties
  2. Bananas: Seedless Triploids
  3. Cereals: Some Polyploid Hybrids
  4. Grapes: Some Seedless Cultivars
  5. Sterile Hybrids (Including The Mule)
  6. Mustard Family Vegetable Hybrids
  7. Tomatoes: Genetically Engineered
  8. Watermelons: Seedless Melons

Note: Questions 3 and 9 (Part I) mention the terms ester and alcohol. Compounds containing one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups in the molecules are known as alcohols. In fact, glycerol (the structural component of a fat molecule) contains three hydroxyl (OH) groups and is technically referred to as an alcohol. When glycerol is joined with three fatty acids (a process known as esterification), the resulting fat molecule is technically called an ester. Fat molecules are esters with three fatty acid chains, while waxes are long-chain esters composed of many fatty acids. The reaction between animal or plant fats (esters) with lye (sodium hydroxide) to form soap is called saponification.

Part II, Multiple Choice: Questions 29 - 69.

Note: I am using the terms phenolic compound, phenolic subunit and phenolic derivative interchangeably. These are basically compounds with one or more phenolic rings in the molecule. A phenolic ring is a 6-carbon benzene ring with an attached hydroxyl (OH) group (also referred to as the hydroxyl functional group). Terpene compounds (terpene derivatives) typically do not contain phenolic rings, but there are some exceptions. The THC of marijuana is a terpene compound which also contains phenolic rings. It is sometimes called a terpenophenolic compound. In organic chemistry, compounds containing one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups are called alcohols. In fact, glycerol (the structural component of a fat molecule) contains three hydroxyl (OH) groups and is technically referred to as an alcohol.

Many Of These Questions Are Also Covered In The Previous Links

  1. Information about the chemistry of life: Chemistry Of Life (Part I)

  2. Information about the chemistry of life: Chemistry Of Life (Part II)

  3. Information about cellular organelles: Cell Illustration Definitions

  4. Information about cellular organelles: Chloroplast Structure

  5. Information about cellular organelles: Mitochondrion Structure

  6. Information about photosynthesis: Light & Dark Reactions

  7. Information about photosynthesis: CAM Photosynthesis

  8. Information about photosynthesis: C-4 Photosynthesis

  9. Information about photosynthesis: Fluorescence Of Chlorophyll

  10. Information about cells: Comparison of Cell Sizes

  11. Information about cells: Salt Grains & Metric System

  12. Physical properties of cells: Osmosis, Diffusion & Imbibition

  13. Cell definitions in Lab Manual Exercise 1: Halophytes

    1. See Photo Images Of Mangroves
    2. See Red Halobacteria In Salt Lakes
    3. See Article About Marine Seagrasses

  14. Illustration of osmosis: Marine vs. Freshwater Fish

  15. Definitions in Lab Manual Exercise 1: Wood & Specific Gravity

  16. Prokaryotic cells: Nitrogen Fixation & Nitrification

  17. Information about DNA, m-RNA & t-RNA: DNA & RNA

    1. Lock & Key Model Of An Enzyme
    2. Model For Enzyme Block By Poison
    3. Sandwich Model Of A Cell Membrane
    4. Fluid-Mosaic Model Of Cell Membrane
    5. Osmosis Through A Cell Membrane
    6. Cloverleaf Model Of A Transfer RNA
    7. 4-Polypeptide Y-Shaped Antibody Model   
    8. Immunotoxin: Antibody-Toxin Conjugate

Part III, Matching: Questions 70 - 90.

Many Of These Questions Are Also Covered In The Previous Links

  1. Information about the chemistry of life: Chemistry Of Life (Part I)

  2. Information about the chemistry of life: Chemistry Of Life (Part II)

  3. Information about jojoba, candlenut & castor oil: Castor Bean

     Note:  Although the deadly protein (lectin) called ricin is obtained from
     castor bean seeds, it is not a component of castor oil; otherwise, taking
     a tablespoon of castor oil could be hazardous to your health.

  4. Information about the alkaloid nicotine: The Tobacco Plant

  5. Information about tetrahydrocannabinol: Marijuana Plant & THC

  6. Information about cyanogenic glucosides: Stone Fruits (Prunus)

  7. Information about anticoagulant glucosides: Sweet Clover & Coumarin

  8. Information about medical glucosides: Foxglove (Digitalis)

  9. Information about poisonous mushrooms: Toxic Fungi

  10. Information about LSD and ergot disease: Hallucinogenic Fungi

  11. Information about natural lacquer and resins: Poison Oak & Resins

Part IV, Matching: Questions 91 - 112.

Questions About Plant Cell Illustration

  1. Plant Cell Illustration
  2. Plant & Animal Cell Definitions
  3. Photosynthesis & Respiration

Part V, Matching: Questions 113 - 132.

Questions About Animal Cell Illustration

  1. Animal Cell Illustration
  2. Plant & Animal Cell Definitions
  3. Photosynthesis & Respiration

Part VI, Matching: Questions 133 - 155.

    Answers To The Questions In Section VI    
    Can Be Found At The Following Links:    
  1. DNA vs. The Morse Code
  2. Chromosome vs. Floppy Disk
  3. Viruses vs. Computer Viruses
  4. Protein Synthesis Quiz
  5. Animation Of Transcription
  6. Animation Of Translation
  7. Animation Of Protein Synthesis
  8. Universal Codon Chart
  9. Table of Codons & Anticodons

Part VII, Multiple Choice: Questions 156 - 205.

Many Of These Questions Are Also Covered In The Previous Links

  1. Information about the chemistry of life: Chemistry Of Life (Part I)

  2. Information about the chemistry of life: Chemistry Of Life (Part II)

  3. Information about DNA & RNA: Genes & Chromosomes

  4. Information about DNA & RNA: Transgenic (GM) Plants

  5. Information about gene editing: Introns & Exons

  6. Information about DNA & RNA: Transposons (Jumping Genes)

  7. Lignin in wood cell walls: Hardwoods & Stem And Root Anatomy

  8. Physical properties of wood: Specific Gravity & Buoyancy

  9. Lock & key theory of enzyme specificity: Enzyme Structure

  10. Cell Definitions: Diffusion vs. Active Transport

  11. Information about ancient archaebacteria: Archaebacteria

  12. Prokaryotic cells: Nitrogen Fixation & Nitrification

  13. Information about poison oak resins Poison Oak

  14. Information about cells Plasmolysis of Elodea Cell

  15. Information about alkaloids: Major Types Of Alkaloids

  16. Information about medical alkaloids: Medical Alkaloids

  17. Information about photosynthesis: Light & Dark Reactions

  18. Cellular respiration: Mitochondria & ATP Production

  19. Cell structure & function definitions: Glycolysis & Krebs Cycle

  20. Information about medical alkaloids: Medical Alkaloids

Part VIII, Matching Questions 206 - 232.

General Questions About DNA & RNA

  1. Polymerase Chain Reaction
  2. DNA Structure & Function
  3. Transposons (Jumping Genes)
  4. Introns & Exons
  5. Transgenic Plants
  6. Genetically Modified Organisms
  7. Tomatoes (GM and Auxin Sprays)

     Questions About PCR & Biotechnology     

  1. PCR & Evolutionary Trees (Cladograms)
  2. Genes Used To Compare Genera & Species
  3. DNA Patterns From Gel Electrophoresis
  4. Automatic Sequencing Of DNA Bases
  5. Amplification Of DNA (Genes) Using PCR
  6. Extraction Of DNA From Tissue Sample
        The PCR Technique Step By Step:
  7. DNA Ladder "Unzips" Into Two Strands
  8. Primer Attaches To One End Of DNA Strand
  9. DNA Strands Replicate Into Double Strands
  10. Two DNA Ladders Unzip Into Four Strands
  11. Animation Of Exponential Gene Replication

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